mx4sio vs usb. Modbo chip forces the console to work in PAL mode. mx4sio vs usb

 
 Modbo chip forces the console to work in PAL modemx4sio vs usb  To use it all you need to do is connect a FAT32 formatted flash drive and load the ELF with uLaunchELF

. If the path set is the same version of OPL, you can return to the game list. Once it’s removed you end up with a relatively square motherboard that fits very nicely into Wesk. . 0 disk and my USB. These cables always have USB-A on one end with a different port type on the other, and can be used for device charging and data transfer. (You should be able to create Virtual Memory Cards though, vIa OPL) Also you will need to. Get Started. 第一次录这种视频,紧张!. I have two setups like this and they work perfect with zero. Hello u/guokoko and thank you for your submission on r/ps2, our subreddit rules have updated recently so please make sure your post is not in violation and is in the appropriate place. RetroScaler MX4SIO SIO2SD SD/TF Card Adapter Reader Untuk. The PlayStation 2 (PS2) is Sony's second game console. Take this example here, the guy added an LED to their memory card by way of soldering to the side of the resistors going in-line with the gold fingers, instead of the gold fingers. I can tell it works with 4. Not really. 1 out of 5 stars. People also searched. Jakarta Selatan Toko tram. Game files on USB must be perfectly defragmented either file by file or by whole drive, and Dual Layer DVD9 images must be split to avoid the 4GB limitations of the FAT32 file system. The same thing happens with MX4SIO. . i believe this happens because the HDD is going to fast even on mode 1,. The MX4SIO project is a newer development we've seen in recent years which allows users to adapt a SD card or microSD card for use on the PS2's Memory Card p. 0 ports while Fats had 1. MX4SIO for PS2. . . 5V), and not cut the rest of the lines. 2. (except for the "name" of the. In most games, hold the controller's SELECT START L1, L2, and R1 at the same time R2 can be reset from the game, and the reset path can be set in OPL. 1. 98 subscribers. It does not work. I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Get a large USB storage device (big thumbdrive or 2. 99. 4. An all-in-one platform for creators to take control of your content, sell it, and engage directly with your audience. Create 2 folders, one named "CD" and another named "DVD". In AliExpress, you can also find other good deals on sd card adapter, memory cards and accessories! You can shop for mx4sio at low prices. CG errors may occur if the MX4SIO. . 1) GSM - NTSC and other NTSC modes are selected. The speed is essentially like a healty DVD Drive minus some compatibility issue. No, it is 4xDVD-Speed (5540KB/s or so, off the top of my head) max. 0 donc lecture lente. Under the Block Devices menu you can. I watched on macho nacho that this method actually makes it a much smoother experience then going with a USB but I've never actually tried anything on a playstation myself so. PS2 Free McBoot and MX4iso PSX-Place. Izbusio sam otvore na polovini kucista, da bi mogao da se uglavi SD adapter i da ostane prostora za zalemljene kontakte. 2. I personally think this is very cool and possibly revolutionary for portables, since you can load games from an SD card through the Memory card slot (which apparently is way faster and has more bandwidth then the USB 1. This is not an issue when using mx4sio, but when NOT using mx4sio the OPL GUI will freeze every second for a short time. Kaico Free Mcboot 8MB PS2 Memory Card Running FMCB PS2 Mcboot 1. 8. 5. TnA-Plastic. Via ethernet over the internet and using a USB from PC to PS2. PS2 just hard freezed after removing a 4GB fat32 usb drive with only other device MX4SIO plugged in. The SD/TF card can not replace a memory card! Since it is only an adapter and not a converter to make an SD/TF card into the ps2 memory card. @Versatile: Keep in mind that the files need to be non-fragmented, just like on USB! If it still black-screens, try some modes, PS2-Logo being ON as well as the "PADEMU-Fix"!PS2 MX4SIO Comparando games rodando no PENDRIVE Com games no MEMORY CARD o teste que ninguém mostrou. mode 1 + 2 helps a lot. PS2 model is 79003, using a generic microSD card in a SD card adapter from MyMemory. 115K views 1 year ago #aliexpress #ps2 #playstation2. 7z is recommended Specification: Item Type: Card Reader Adapter Material: ABS Application: for PS2 FAT Console Parameter: 1) MX4SIO cannot replace the memory card!Infinity Wolfpack 4. I am not sure how many Prototype-Builds there will be for a "simple adapter". The fastest game storage is HDD, followed by SMB, MX4SIO, with USB dead last. 5" hdd gets me better performance for less money than a mx4iso and a decent. Maybe Haker120 you need to re-format your 256GB card with fresh MBR partition and FAT32 so you can use it again with MX4SIO and OPL BDM3 if you are having problems. Credits&THX. 2 tasks done. 7z”. FAT and 70k Slims are currently faster than DECKARD-PS2s, but those have more potential in theory! SMB/LAN doesn't support playing online. . . MX4SIO SIO2SD SD/TF Card Adapter. But I notice one big improvement with the CCV2+GRIM build: it can use MX4SIO with my USB-drive still attached It defaults to (empty) USB, but with the right-arrow I can go to the MX4SIO page and start games. MX4SIO is faster than USB but runs with more bugs than USB while USB is slower than MX4SIO but games running through USB have less bugs than MX4SIO. All tech support questions should go into the Tech Support Megathread. The OPL build I've been using with the MC2ISO/MX4SIO is called BDM4 which is stated to have a larger compatibility list of games. No idea if it's any good. What's the difference between MX4SIO, MC2SIO and SIO2SD and can ESR play PS1 and PS2 CD discs? EDIT: So, it seems SIO2SD was the. Apr 19, 2023. Modbo chip forces the console to work in PAL mode. cfg files generator for USB devices; EXFAT USB devices support; PlayStation 3 and 4 Controllers support (USB or bluetooth) PSX DESR flash memory support (XFROM) MX4SIO support ; to maximize the customization. They will be more "up to spec", but the spec is already too slow for media content to be played without a hiccup. Megoosa said: ↑. Or You can do the same but with OPL for games on USB/i. Hello u/muchtimeandspace and thank you for your submission on r/ps2, our subreddit rules have updated recently so please make sure your post is not in violation and is in the appropriate place. 1. We have: the SD//MX4SIO-Code in the PS2SDK allowing any app which adds this support and is recompiled, using/accessing SD-Cards (normal&micro), which. Here is my conclusion "Best way to play PS2 games on PS2 slim" Mini router (SMB) vs MC2SIO | MX4SIO #PS2 #Playstation2”This is an Update to the previous topic / version discussed here . Then I reboot with no memory card inserted and no usb stick inserted. The release of Insignia Live seemed like the perfect excuse to make an Xbox Live theme. . 2. #748. SIO is the name of the PlayStation's interface chip. MX4SIO (Memory expansion For SIO) is an adapter for the PlayStation2 that lets you connect SD cards to the memory card slot. If you don't want a "card detect LED" then you can just slap a 47ohm resistor right on there and tie it straight to the card detect pin on the SD card case. The final version will be a reduced version of the debugging. Purchased the MX4SIO for that said reason. I can attest that OPL from a couple years ago to today can run PS2 games over USB at acceptable speeds, even FMV doesn’t skip! I haven’t tried this MX4SIO mod to compare yet though, but I can’t see how it’s as fast or faster than the DVD drive. Also best to use OPL BDM3. This product belongs to Home. this happend with different micro sd, and in fat32 and exfat. . . So you just need to 3D print a PS1 / PS2 memory card case and fit the SIO2SD PCB into that. 3. Location: Germany --> Saxony. ISOs under 700mb go in the CD folder (mirroring their real life capacity). En este pequeño blog te muestro la nueva interfaz grafica del opl en la nuevas versiones del opl desde la versión 1778 ifcaro oficial y las subsiguientes. I followed this tutorial exactly, but OPL won't read my game. Using OPNPS2LD-v1. Differences are compatibility and what is more handy to You. BitFunx. 1. Context and extra information. agoI personally think this is very cool and possibly revolutionary for portables, since you can load games from an SD card through the Memory card slot (which. 1 / 3 59 37 comments freelittyta • 1 yr. 127K Members. No matter what after IGR I'm back in OPL at USB games and to list games from MX4SIO I have to manually replug either MX4SIO or SD card. As of v0. MC2SIO MicroSD ISO Loader. 4 people reacted. I was frustrated trying to get both games to work and I noticed both games work fine from USB but I cannot launch them from MX4SIO, it just sits there with a black. 8B (WITH CHIP) -19. 1. Latency isn't really high on LAN, nor MX4SIO. This is the best way to conclude it. 9系专用省心方案:对于9W系列主机用户专用,bios版本230及以后的同样兼容. 5. cfg files generator for USB devices; EXFAT USB devices support; PlayStation 3 and 4 Controllers support (USB or bluetooth) PSX DESR flash memory support (XFROM) MX4SIO support ; to maximize the customization. Remember to have all games as ISO (use winbin2iso for converting CD bin+cue. Today's video is a quick overview of MX4SIO, where if you have a ps2 that can boot special build of OPL, then you can boot games off a sd to microsd adapter. 0: Cutscenes can normally be skipped after freezing to continue gameplay, but obviously not ideal. This post will be extended by various additional information regarding an Adapter for the MC-Port (SIO2-Interface, which is SPI-Compatible), which should enable us to utilize an SD-Card with the PS2 [and MAYBE even with an old Playstation!] (with a custom driver)! Console: PS2 Slim 70001Game: SLUS_211. This version uses the most common micro SD card socket. 4、Insert the USB disk into the USB port of the PS2 host and select the. So, i have a Raspberry pi connected to my Ps2 via Smb. OPL version / revision. OPL 1629 for MX4SIO, and Official OPL v1. Yes, same across different builds, Green LED on constant, slight flickering of the blue light on bootup, but nothing when OPL is run. an implementation in the official Repo as well as some forks (OPL DB, etc. On the for PlayStation 2, it's called "SIO2". PS2 games have the bad tendency of requiring data to be read at specific speed, if you go anywhere above that speed, the game crashes, hence why we need Mode 1 (accurate reads). TnA, Apr 19, 2020. 2. MX4SIO could easily support the same apps which support USB. [ISSUE]: PADEMU Failing to pair a DS4 ZCT2U controller bug. Will the read speeds be good enough for video playback? comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&ARelease/Downloads. MC2SIO MicroSD ISO Loader. I have a 1tb usb external hard drive loaded with Ps2 and Ps1 games. Their design has been modded because they wanted to assemble with cheaper parts. Official OPL repository:Updated schematic REV 1. I will show you how to take your PS2 ISO games that are larger than 4GB, and then install them to a. Yes it does matter, not every PS2 console has the same USB performance. 21 off On orders over US $124. Generally, once set up. Replies: 2. From menu choose new partition table and choose "msdos". El_isra, Mar 27, 2023. THE SOFTWARE BEHIND THIS STILL MAPS THE MX4SIO CARDS AS mass#:/, so dont use mx4sio:/ on any configuration path. 4. Actually I ran into this myself It's due to using ISO's that were previously zipped Mx4sio (the project mc2sio is based on) hates this and the fix is actually pretty simple get a program called defraggler and put the SD card into your PC and click analyze the defrag Tl;Dr it's 9 times out of 10 due to fragmented ISO's and the fix is to defrag them before and/or after. on a Fat model, all you need is a FMCB memory card and a usb drive. New OPL ifcaro 1. View More. . 1 in any case. This item: PS2 MX4SIO SIO2SD SD Card Reader Adapter. 另外还是要支持正版啊. because of the. SMB at times is equal to DVD speed but can still stutter in FMVs (IOP limitations), loading times are just as good as using DVD of course. Aliexpress MX4SIO Tips. . Remove references to DVRP feature; Added MX4SIO support (mapped as mass#:/) Disable builds with EE sio from public releases; IMPORTANT NOTE: To add MX4SIO, the SIO2MAN and PADMAN drivers had to be replaced (wLaunchELF was using console built-in versions of them. EDIT: @Devastator84 also bro, try with the latest OPL Beta 1. 0. In fact, it shows my USB as empty. 7. MX4SIO sur PS2 ? par SunMingZhao » 01 oct. nueva interfaz grafica. 0 Beta 1629. g external HDD can be connected by both ports), MX4SIO (which You know already what it. RGEEK FreeMcBoot FMCB 1. Another important note, never have a USB thumb drive inserted into the PS2 when using MX4SIO, otherwise the games list will appear empty as OPL looks to the USB instead of MX4SIO, and OPL BDM3 only works with MX4SIO. 0 if You want test it. See this topic for more details: Click Here. (Implying that OPL must be startet from a Memory Card to recreate this bug) If an MX4SIO is used to launch games successfully, Games cannot detect Memory Cards nor store savegames. • 1 yr. These slims all have noticeably faster USB. 0-Beta-1629-e20f2ee-bdm3. Free Mcboot is basically a way to make your PS2 memory card exploited. 1). 7 MB/s not 130kb/s. Just look at the Title of this whole thread, notice it has both "MX4SIO" and "SIO2SD" there. Also, it seems the original MX4SIO is open source, Bitfunx solds MX4SIO and there are other MX4SIO clones. As a user that uses both MX4SIO and USB, it's usually an inconvenience to unplug one or another so the other device can be read by OPL. Once you insert a PS2 memory card with free mcboot on it the PS2 will load a different menu. Dicas e macetes para quem não conseguiu fazer o MX4SIO cartão SD no memory card do ps2. $1499. . This project comes with custom versions of Fortuna, Free McBoot, uLaunchELF and the Free McBoot Configurator as well. Help you to start games on your hard disk or USB disk. Hola amigos, en este vídeo les muestro cómo crear y configurar su MX4SIO para que puedan cargar sus juegos desde la memoria SD a una velocidad inclusive much. I made one of these for fun but didn't see any reason to use it over my current setup of a $25 micro router w/usb hdd via ethernet. Yet another upcoming feature for OPL 1. Ce qui n'est pas le cas pour les ports USB, ce sont sur tous les modèles de PS2 des 1. It is true that a single IO read from ZSO will yeild more data than a single IO read from ISO since the data itself is compressed. TnA-Plastic. Resident Evil 4 - MX4SIO vs 3G Router vs USB. Therefore. in theory and I've never seen the DVD-drive read at 3MB/s!O projeto do MX4SIO já está disponível para quem manja de usar ferro de solda, basta adaptar um leitor de carão SD num memory card!Para mais informações e ve. 01. Tried MX4SIO several days ago for the first time and regular beta OPL 1. each one has a specific set of features added. So opening mass:/ and going back should make it show up2 Answers. . #1139. It shows up fine in opl for mx4sio. Sold by RGEEK US and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. Bitfunx MX4SIO & Memory Card on 77 series. MX4SIO for PS2. 0) already on the FMCB, because OPL 1629 relies on there already being an OPL (config) folder. I am a bot, and this action was. This is not my regular USB drive which also has issues. Megoosa said: ↑. 32 5 7. 2. MX4SIO does! Other filesystems can be implemented easily now! The fastest game storage is HDD, followed by SMB, MX4SIO, with USB dead last. select "OK" and remember to "Save Settings". - used a different symbol to made the pads easier to follow. They have to be formatted with either HDLoader or uLaunchELF. My current problem is with the VMC function inside of OPL 1. We do not recommend using any programs. The SD card does NOT replace a memory card! Since it is only an adapter and not a converter and SD cards and memory cards. The MC2SIO is based on work for the MX4SIO project and the results are amazing!Checks. . Location: Germany --> Saxony. All of the games load up fine (after configuring their settings and VMC in OPL Manager - for some reason using the in-OPL VMC manager just corrupts the. Both cards formatted to FAT32 with 16k cluster size. Games working on MX4SIO via USBUtil: - Mega Man X. With BDM3 build found in this forum, this is resolved, but, VMC doesn't seem to work in any version. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. No response. No, it is 4xDVD-Speed (5540KB/s or so, off the top of my head) max. iso", turn on BDM in OPL options, scan devices, make sure to not have MC and USB in ports and this will be rational test. . 3303:00-----Tekken. 10 to 2. Generally for speed it goes like this: HDD, SMB, DVD and MX4SIO. Also I’m using an MX4SIO custom circuit board with surface mount soldered components. *Está funcionado , eu usei o capacitor errado no vídeo, o correto (Resistor 47 Mega Ohms)🎮 CONFIRA A DESCRIÇÃO PARA MAIS INFORMAÇÕES E CHECK NOSSAS PLAYLIS. more stable. Workz_777, Jul 16, 2022. To make things easy for the winners, everything is formatted correctly ( exFAT ), with FreeMcBoot v1. It's a lot better with the sio2sd adapter, but unfortunately there's still a tiny stuttering left. Open PS2 Loader (OPL) is a 100% Open source game and application loader for the PS2 and PS3 units. #10. this is the weak point for mx4sio. That's still quite a bit slower than the optical drive which is around 3. ~$85 for the router and 1TB 2. an implementation in the official Repo as well as some forks (OPL DB, etc. #1069 opened on. This is the best way to conclude it. . SD adapter zalepljen (hot glue), zice pripremljene, fluks namazan, vreme je za lemljenje. cfg format, your plain old ISOs or ZSOs on the DVD folder as is will. All the distributors (Mouser, Farnell, Digi-Key, etc) are out of stock. First of all, the best file-system is always the default that the manafacture has set. Join. supports accessing mx4sio devices. The /ACK line is an active-low line (that is, it's considered "set" when its voltage is low). 600. 1. Multi-page support, although the theme doesn't fully represent it (yet). Posts: 17630 Joined: Sun Nov 18, 2007 2:16 pmTo clarify the OPL builds I provide are equal to the master branch of OPL, there are no code changes to OPL itself. supports detection of PS3/PS4 DualShocks. 0-Beta-DB-2202 (2021-11-14)A5-V11: Custom LEDE Firmware; Kingston 32GB NTFS 4KBUSB/MX4SIO: Kingston 32GB FA. The best way for defragmenting - copy all files to pc, format USB, copy all files back. lots of variations of the program are provided. First from the left is USB, should be blue instead of grey (if default theme is used). ago Do I have to re-immerse myself in convolution? Or is it still faster. The storage memory card slot of the MX4SIO adapter is not flat, because each adapter is hand made. I have checked existing OPL issues for duplicates and found none; I am using either OPL latest stable version, or archived version or OPL beta version; Describe the issue. . May 20, 2022. But you'd be limited to what you put on the disc when you generated the image. If he has a slim that wouldn't he an option, the true answer is mx4sio as it's the original project. RastaJedi, TnA, Towersss and 2 others like this. 0 version is empty; OPL ZSO's compatibility list has very few entries; PS2-HOME's OPL compatibility list mentions some OPL versions that aren't mentioned in the official OPL GitHub repository (those which start with "r" or end with "_db") and they're most likely obsolete, too; The last two. 0. Checks. . Now uses homebrew ones). ReplyPlug and play auto-sharing of USB storage devices over SMB is supported: USB Drives are automounted to the /media/ directory. e pendrive, yet not for USB, but for SIO (because it is faster). Link/MX4SIO/HDD/SMB (OPL have build-in MCSIO emulator since v0. Tailgunner Forum Noob. Once it has rebooted I start uLE and run the BDM3 ELF and within seconds OPL is running and showing the games on my HDD. I already wrote, that it IS in theory possible to achieve "100% compatibility" via re-implementing current stuff on the PPU/PPC-Side, instead of replacing the disc-drivers of the games. Canada. MX4SIO SIO2SD SD/TF Card Adapter. The first requirement is the PS2 hardware should be able to use the two SIO data channels simultaneously, so you can transfer double amount of data in the same cycle. MX4SIO (Memory eXpansion For SIO) is an adapter for the PlayStation 2 that lets you connect SD cards to the memory card slot. 👍 4. 1. USB is way too slow to enter inside the contest. Apperantly, MC2SIO is the official version, and MX4SIO is the open source version. MX4SIO is faster than USB but runs with more bugs than USB while USB is slower than MX4SIO but games running through USB have less bugs than MX4SIO. 0. From my observation there are many false expectations floating around about MX4SIO. MX4SIO card is 256gb using ExFAT 16kb cluster - works fine with regular OPL - when I try it with multiple USB. Hey guys, over the last few weeks I've been working on adding support for compressed ISOs on Open PS2 Loader in the ZSO format. I think MC2SIO could be better, as it supports a micro SD card, and might probobly be easier to set up, but I could be wrong. EmptyMy - Adventure Is in the Air - Simply Be-groove-ed 0:00 / 22:28. 0 and above also support iLink and MX4SIO. Mar. #962. It MIGHT have or get a higher compatibility. 1. It contains many different features, including a text editor, hard drive manager, FTP support, and much more. I just got a MX4SIO card and it came with a 64GB sd card with some ps2 games on it. Since it is open source, it will allow porting it to other hardware versions, including TEST consoles. There should be plenty open source 3D printed PS1 / PS2 memory card files available online. MX4SIO support. MX4SIO: sz 00000200 1699 kB/s MX4SIO: sz 00000400 1787 kB/s MX4SIO: sz 00000600 1799 kB/s MX4SIO: sz 00000800 1762 kB/s MX4SIO: sz 00000A00 1802 kB/s. 30) Every Slim PS2 Console (SCPH-700XX, 750XX, 770XX, 790XX, 900XX)I found that brands like Kingston,Samsung Evo, ADATA are working flawlessly for me, even the generic MX4SIO card that includes with the adapter, the only thing is in my case i had them already in FAT32 64KB cluster for the Raspberry Pi (Using the raspberry pi tool and the Disk something imager, i cant remember) everything runs way better with the micro. It would be limited to MX4SIO and OPL features in this "mode" (for now), but should work and quite easily I might add! I hope for the same for MemCardPro2 and Helder's Project! IMO all these MC-Adapter projects will be a revolutionary thing for the PS2-Scene, especially once they support PS2-MC-Emulation and - even better - when they support. I was thinking that maybe it's not hard to implement a priority system for BDM, and if MX4SIO is the priority, try to load it first, or if it is USB, try to load that first. 0‑Beta‑1832‑f087feb. Installing OPL: Format The USB Drive to FAT32. I personally think this is very cool and possibly revolutionary for portables, since you can load games from an SD card through the Memory card slot (which apparently is way faster and has more bandwidth then the USB 1. 2021, 23:33. But the results apparently offer smooth FMV playback compared to USB. Customer reviews. 43OPL: v1. 0 that needs the help of as many testers as possible. The 2TB HDD limit is now GONE, the new limit is now 144 petabytes (144000 terabytes). 3、Plug the FMCB into the PS2 host and turn it on. Probé la versión de EE. Delivery . An internal HDD is stiil kind of slow by modern standards, but it's faster than the DVD drive, so it can play most games well, including FMVs. FreeMCBoot es un exploit que se instala en una tarjeta de memoria PS2 . Buy MX4SIO SIO2SD SD Card Adapter for PS2, Memory Card Expansion for SIO Replacement Memory Card Reader for PS2 Fat Console(Blue):. supports accessing the PSX-DESR internal flash ( xfrom) supports manipulating memory card folders timestamp to fix/prepare a folder holding opentuna exploit. 其中哪种是最. Checks I have checked existing OPL issues for duplicates and found none I am using either OPL latest stable version, or archived version or OPL beta version Describe the issue When I have both an m. You can send and receive data from a PC via the serial port but the speed is not great. This means you can now have two USB storage devices + mx4sio + iLink + internal exfat HDD all at the same time, and load games off any of these devices. HDD OSD users can use OPL with OPL Launcher; GUI settings reorganized and renamed; Known regressions since v1. En el video que verán a continuación podemos ver con mas claridad de que se tratan estos nuevos cambios gráficos que les describí anteriormente. Since it is open source, it will allow porting it to other hardware versions, including TEST consoles. Home Forums > PlayStation 2 Forums > Open PS2 Loader (OPL) >. The SD/TF card is not recognized by the console directly. Most common format is FAT32. There’s also the newer MX4SIO solution which has a snappier data transfer speed by utilizing the memory card slot, especially when compared to the USB post. For Black Friday, Amazon is offering the 2nd gen Apple AirPods Pro truly wireless noise cancelling earbuds with the universal. 1. Frequently bought together. Happy1337 and Algol like this. Requisitos: Los. Alternatively buy a network expansion which also provides a IDE/SATA interface for disk. The mod does require you to trim the already very small motherboard. 22. When a USB drive is plugged in, the USB Drive becomes available on the SMB Share @ SMBSHAREshare. Changes. As for compatibility, HDD works perfectly for most games, SMB one or two more problems, MX4SIO is better than USB, USB causes lots of stuttering in lots of games. This is misleading. The SD card does NOT replace a memory card!Lobotomizacija, tj. Games working on. . MCSIO is Angry Helder’s version of the Mx4SIO adapter. Last edited: Apr 13, 2023.