g. aa-E = 100%. The smallest units of speech are known as:, 2. Student:. This section features securities from various asset classes including equities, fixed income, commodities and currencies. The test is designed to assess oral reading ability in terms of reading rate, accuracy and comprehension, as well as to be used as a diagnostic assessment tool. In this situation, it would be most helpful for the teacher to present a minilesson on: cinquain miscue analysis readers theatre data charts. Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment Materials. a. What book by Marzano did you read?I'd like to read up on it some more. The purpose of Miscue Analysis is to categorize and analyze students' oral reading errors. 49. com. The QRI-5 incorporates miscue analysis procedures into its general procedures to analyze readers’ miscues. The purpose of this article is to examine the metatheoretical differences that impact how running records and miscue analysis differ in (a) the quantification of readers’ produced responses to. Readers theatreWord recognition miscue analysis •Does it change the meaning? –I will speak to him. Using. More than 1 in 10 words is difficult. , 1969, 1996) and others (e. See examples of MISCUE ANALYSIS used in a sentence. Live NFL scores at CBSSports. 0 Active Events. Andy Johnson, Reading Specialist, Miscue analysis is a tool used to investigate how readers use the cuing systems and reading strategies to comprehend during reading. It also has basic comprehension questions that can be helpful. 6. history. Illustration. D) Develop a miscue analysis chart. The six grade students and Kathy Smith's class gathered many facts about the Vikings, but they had difficulty preparing an organized presentation. As stated previously, Jack was provided an unfamiliar passage, asked to read it aloud, and asked to provide a retell after his oral reading sample. Compare your observations with those on the chart completed by Maryann McBride, Reading. Six-year-old Madison selected a book from the classroom library. The student reads the same passage for 1 minute multiple times (3-5). Developed from the Price Milburn readers as an assessment tool. This one-on-one reading assessment can reveal in just a short time the degree to which the student is relying on semantic (meaning), syntactic (structural), and graphophonic. See more ideas about reading assessment, guided reading, reading writing. Consider the four word identification strategies (use of phonics, analysis of word structure, use of context clues, identification of sight words)Miscue Analysis (Running Record) This is a diagnostic test often used with children whose reading is giving cause for concern. A final criticism of miscue analysis is that it could mislead users, teachers in particular, into making unsound pedagogical decisions (Mckenna & Picard, 2006). Count the number of meaning-violating miscues and use the Miscue Chart for that passage to obtain the MMI. Running Record Cheat Sheet. The term "miscue" was initiated by Ken Goodman to describe an observed response in the reading process that does not match the expected. When children do not read the actual word in the original text, it is called a “miscue” rather than a “mistake. Position Statements NCTE and its constituent groups have developed position statements on a variety of education issues vital to the teaching and learning of English language arts. Scholastic offers a way to level the books they publish, either by grade level or guided reading level (Fountas and Pinnell. ” (both Level E) or “I skip G and go straight to H. Obtain or create a typed copy of the text of the book you have chosen so that you may more easily record. About Us; Media; Partnerships; Legal; Digital Delivery Policy; Modern Slavery Statement;Teachers should look for the following miscues during a miscue analysis: Correction: A common sign of an efficient reader, a correction is a miscue that students correct to understand the word in the sentence. A percentage is derived whiCh indicates the reader's use of graphic cues, sound similarity cues and grammatical function cues and to what degree each miscue affected the meaning of the text. During school the student reads aloud into a tape recorder. Miscue analysis cheat sheet on how to use annotations. ’(page 3, GORT-5). An analysis of the students' responses to the target words suggest that the students can segment words into onset and rime (e. Miscue Analysis: A Critical Review 165 Miscue analysis procedures are designed to provide insight into the reading pro-cess, and to evaluate the extent to which a particular reader has control of that pro-cess (K. 95. I. Karen E. Make a copy of the text for yourself. Check the Bitcoin technical analysis and forecasts. Queens College, City University of New York. C) grammar plays the most important role. There are two tests, A and B, and it’s carried out in a one-to-one setting. Some people prefer some sounds and “feels” more than others. To do this, it proposes to analyze the Situations in which someone wants to Improve. ”Yetta M. Once you’ve identified students who would most benefit from a Formal Miscue Analysis, set aside time for one-on- Miscue analysis is a tool for looking closely at the types of reading strategies a reader uses. I teach first and struggled with a way to keep my high kids going, and I think this is a great way of doing it. Step 5: !V!ake chart on which all four yes-or-no questions are answered for each numbered miscue. Purpose. This 5-minute mini-lecture provides an overview of how to do a miscue analysis. The number of words read results can be graphed using a bar graph. Finally, we perform actionable technical analysis on both the cash and futures. It is a diagnostic tool that helps researchers/teachers gain insight into the reading process. doc. A qualitative research method was carried out involving 6 average ability students. Skills differ from strategies because skills are used _____. a. If a student is not making errors, the book is too easy!. Also known as radar charts, spider charts are webs that put reading PDF. Formal miscue analysis helps you: • investigate readers’ cue use, strategies, and comprehension, and identify strengths and needs. In this situation, it would be most helpful for the teacher to present a mini lesson on: A. Jump down below to see what's included. Data charts C. c) data charts d) miscue analysis Question 2 Sociodramatic play: A) is pursued in isolation B) relies exclusively on nonverbal communication C) is purely imitative D) involves more than one child in verbal communication and interaction around a jointly-elaborated sequence or theme. (1987). awareness, miscue analysis, analysis of reading strategies, comprehension, fluency leveled reading booksFamily Plastic Use: Tally Chart, Bar Chart and Data Analysis Activity . References: Goodman, Yetta, and Marek, Ann (1996) Retrospective Miscue Analysis: Revaluing Readers and Reading ===== Name of Student: Ethan Smith Age of Student: 13 years old Words Read Correctly Per Minute (wcpm, the median score): 80 Miscue Analysis Chart – Analyze the last column based on the student’s errors in the passage where he got the median score. The data of this study is miscue reading from a dyslexic, Amelia Septiarisa. In this situation, it would be most helpful for the teacher to present a mini lesson on: A. Send both the photocopy of the learner’s text and your chart off to your tutor. Switch to the All Charts tab, select Histogram in the left pane, and click on the Pareto. •“I will speed to him. 4. A third spelling inventory is the DSA (Developmental Spelling Analysis) by Ganske. Dividends. Analyzing Oral Reading Miscues: Miscue Analysis 55 Analysis of Freddie’s Miscues 56 Evaluating Automaticity 56 Evaluating Prosody 58 Prosody Rating Scale 58 Section 7 Assessing Comprehension: Questions and Retellings 59 General Procedures 59 Scoring Explicit Questions 60 Scoring Implicit Questions 60 Criteria for Determining Reading. 1. They’re part read aloud assessment (think: fluency assessment) and part observation. Also known as radar charts, spider charts are webs that put readingThe running record includes the all 67 words of the book for miscue analysis. The contextual sentences reading charts such as MNREAD acuity charts (Mansfield et al. is present, the child has learned to “miscue” (Powell et al. Instructions for Miscue Analysis: reading Choose a text which will generate enough miscues for you to analyse (about 20?). open_in_new. ” Sample 2 Analysis: At a phonological level, this student made a few errors including one vowel identification error, a nasal substitution and a fricative substitution. 6:0 through 23:11. The learner should be able to read the text fairly fluently, but not too easily. Here is a RUNNING RECORDS CALCULATOR. In speaking and writing. B) Have the teacher model use of context clues as she reads aloud. Results suggested that typically developing children made more miscues that preserved the meaning of the text than children with below-average language and reading abilities. It then discussed the difference between two concepts of miscues and miscues analysis. Miscue Analysis Chart Author: Aoife Last modified by: Aoife Created Date: 1/11/2008 6:00:00 PM Company: NoneFocus on key skills and concepts. This type of analysis also enable educators to target instruction to meet the varying needs of their students. Assessing the reading abilities and instructional needs of students. ISBN 978-0-325-00368-9 / 0-325-00368-8 / SKU E00368. Stocks Heat Map Live. Our experience with LeRoy, Yanetta, and Michael shows how teachers can use miscue analysis to identify (Figure 1) Pamela Luft, PhD, has worked with and taught deaf and hard of hearing students in public school programs CRMA and most miscue analysis pro cedures is that CRMA miscue data are obtained without audiotaping the stu dent's reading. The impetus for the study arose from a debate among professionals in the field over the introduction of. It includes a chart wheel and a printable information sheet. 26%. 2. The selection should contain 200 to 300 words for emergent and beginning level readers and 300 to 500 words for all other students. Based on this score students are given a feature-level assessment that takes a deeper dive into the spelling features for. By utilizing a four resources model, we discuss the. The Salford Reading Test is a very simple but lovely sentence reading test which you can use to make a miscue analysis. Syn. Wiederholt, J. , Pinnell, G. Because of this powerful function, the miscue analysis portion of an IRI should not be skipped or overlooked. Fluency A theorist in early reading (emergent reading) who has identified five tasks for phonemic awareness: Task 1- Ability to hear rhymes and alliteration. Reader's Theater Scripts. The formula for the capitalization rate is calculated as net operating income divided by the current market value of the asset. QUICK RULE. 2500 before losing momentum. What Is Miscue Analysis? Beginning in the late 1960s, Kenneth Goodman recognized that the language and thinking that readers bring to a text affects their attempts to create meaning. Examples Of Miscues Analysis. Those miscues that do not change the meaning are “better” than those that do. Did the miscue go with the preceding context? #2. Use the conversion charts in Appendix B, to convert. Oral reading miscue analysis in English as a native and second language The first study on oral reading miscue analysis for English was conducted by Goodman (1965), who identified 13 types of miscues that may be caused either by learners’ insufficient linguistic knowledge or their language-learning background/environment. SLPs also can play important roles in curriculum and instruction, advocacy, leadership, and continuing education. A final criticism of miscue analysis is that it could mislead users, teachers in particular, into making unsound pedagogical decisions (Mckenna & Picard, 2006). This paper aims to analyse Form One students’ ability in reading prose. Reading charts have been designed either using the contextual sentences or random words. She has been researching miscue analysis, early literacy process, and kid watching for many years. Summary of Qualitative Analysis. (Number of errors + Number of self-corrections) ÷ Number of self-corrections = 1: _____ 3. Basic Procedures for Miscue Analysis 1. Accuracy rate is expressed as a percentage. As Worsnop and other teachers listened to recorded readings and thought about how and why miscues. On the Insert tab, in the Charts group, click Recommended Charts. Miscue analysis provides information regarding differences in a reader’s oral. Fountas, I. M. Spelling Miscue analysis: description of miscues chart Level 5 Diploma Dyslexia Matters ® © 2018 A. Select Page. Stock Split. e. Stocks Momentum. there is also space for accuracy, self-correction rate, retelling checklist, comprehension level, and overall reading level. communication not form; b. Instead, Richard Young scored the next play. write important words on word-wall charts and post them in the classroom. After the items on a norm-referenced test are scored, the scores are compared to. The data for this analysis originate from a study that investigated retrospective miscue analysis (RMA; Y. C) Ask them to underline unfamiliar words as they read. The Mathleaks app offers expert solutions and answers for Pre-Algebra, Algebra 1, Geometry, and Algebra 2 in Houghton Mifflin Harcourt’s publications. Sample record sheet for miscue analysis. Scoring and Analyzing a Running Record. When his students encountered many unfamiliar words in the novel The. What were any strengths that you can identify from the student’s reading information (case study, miscue analysis, and graphs)? Ethan tries very hard on his reading work. Silent reading for the purpose of oral retelling, oral reading for miscue analysis and comprehension to ascertain the student's level of understanding : Purpose: To assess student reading accuracy, fluency, behaviour and comprehension using unseen texts. MISCUE ANALYSIS definition: analysis of the errors a pupil makes while reading | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examplesThe capitalization rate is a profitability metric used to determine the return on investment of a real estate property. Abstract. The Miscue Tutorial will present the user with a record of a child’s oral reading with miscues noted using the system as explained and illustrated in the CRI II text. Saban called the mistake a. Omission: During oral reading, the kids omit a word. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt publishes textbooks for American High Schools. Graphophonemic (Sound-symbol). Running record. Teacher Booklet Form B. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. This tells us the student is using context and background knowledge to create meaning with print. He is able to. Before attempting a running record, read the procedural steps below, then go to the section on Marking a Running Record Form. Despite this vast number of miscue studies, not all reading professionals embrace the belief that miscues are part of the reading process and are evidence that readers are con-In the 35 years since Ken Goodman first used miscue analysis, hundreds of miscue studies on readers from a broad range of cultures, ages, and abilities haveThis article introduces a way of seeing miscue analysis data through a spider chart, a readily available digital graphing tool that provides an effective way to visually represent readers’ complex coordination of interrelated cueing systems. The notion of total acceptability and use of miscue analysis is, or the analysis of mistakes or reading errors, is based upon some assumptions. The guide demonstrates that the teacher can do miscue analysis every day with every student reading any book through the use of an "Over the Shoulder Procedure. In summary. Nonsense Word Fluency hed wot tuz fav lix gez sop fop nin pek kod pax yug kif zad sos saf kuk fot hic seb rog faf vit zed muj lan moz des lup yap gim zol rit tovDownload assessments chart (opens in a new window) Letter/sound recognition About this assessment. txt) or read online for free. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center. Of the following, the best way for a teacher to assess students’ understanding of expository text structures would be to: a) take running records. GoCharting is a modern financial analytics platform offering world-class trading and charting experience. Bar chart helps in knowing the. Bitcoin / Australian Dollar. A classic folktale about the hard-working hen and her freeloading friends. Using an existing data base from reading. Using a Running Reading Record to Analyse Errors (Miscue Analysis) Once an instructional level has been established for the pupil, miscue analysis is useful to. Add detailed notes or comments. After the child oral reads the text, the teacher will analyze the miscues. g. Insertion: This refers to the word added by the student that isn’t in the text. Ken Goodman, the inventor of the word, sees this in the positive light-he says reading is a window to a text. Question 7 2 / 2 pts The sixth-grade students in Kathy Smyth's class gathered many facts about the Vikings, but they had difficulty preparing an organized presentation. Miscue analysis is a way to assess how well a student is reading by. ===== Name of Student: Ethan Smith Age of Student: 13 Years old Date of Report: 2/7/2021 Evaluator: Keondra Whitaker Words Read Correctly Per Minute (wcpm, the median score): 80 Miscue Analysis Chart – Analyze the last column based on the student’s errors in the passage where he got the median score. Miscue Analysis. pdf), Text File (. These visualizations allow us to easily understand any patterns, trends, or outliers in a data set. The more the reading of a text, the more perceptions. A spider chart is a standard feature in recent spreadsheet software that puts a new spin on miscue. · PIP Developmental Charts (c. A spider. Free Printable Running Log. 2023-11-17. Simply put: Decodable texts teach students they should decode words. com. The miscue analysis form isn’t an exception. Documenting errors will provide the opportunity for you to do a miscue analysis and direct your next instructional decision. A third spelling inventory is the DSA (Developmental Spelling Analysis) by Ganske. Krashen's second language acquisition theories have been influential in promoting language teaching practices that focus on: a. The most effective way to teach these students about context clues would be to: a) ask them to underline unfamiliar words as they read b) develop a miscue analysis chart c) have the teacher model use of context clues as she reads. Error/Miscue Coding Chart Student Date Errors/Miscues Self-Corrections Uncorrected Self-Corrected 1 M S V M S V 2 M S V M S V 3 M S V M S VThis article introduces a way of seeing miscue analysis data through a spider chart, a readily available digital graphing tool that provides an effective way to visually represent readers’ complex coordination of interrelated cueing systems. PDF | Miscue analysis procedures are becoming increasingly popular for both research and evaluation purposes. Consequently, in qualitative miscue analysis some miscues are more significant than others (Vacca et al. And in addition to counting miscues you can examine them qualitatively. . com. The capitalization rate can be used to determine the riskiness of an investment opportunity – a. RUNNING RECORD AND MISCUE ANALYSIS 1 Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine the metatheoretical differences that impact how running records and miscue analysis differ in (a) the quantification of readers’ produced responses to text and (b) the analysis of oral reading behaviors. For a nuanced discussion of miscue analysis in practice, see Owocki & Goodman [2002] and Wilde [2000]. Identify the focus of running records assessments. A spider chart is a standard feature in recent spreadsheet software that puts a new spin on miscue. When a child stops during reading, it is important that you allow enough time for herto work cn a problem before you supply the word. Fundamental analysis seeks to determine whether a company's future share price is. Bar Charts: This chart figures out high, low, open, and close data. This miscue analysis system is helpful in designing interventions tailored to each student’s needs. Lire en français. Dealing with it utilizing digital means differs from doing so in the physical world. −1. 3. Miscue Analysis involves both quantitative and qualitative components. “Teachers calculate the percentage of miscues by dividing the number of miscues by the total number of words read. Results suggested that typically developing children made more miscues that preserved the meaning of the text than children with below-average language and reading abilities. Using psychosociolingustic analyses of miscues in the context of an authentic text, miscue analysis provides evidence to discover how readers read. Use this quiz to assess your ability to: Identify the focus of miscue analysis. The great thing is that you can learn a lot from the mistakes a student makes during. This can be found in Word Journeys Kathy Ganske. Through the presentation of two bilingual reader profiles, this article willFluency Practice Passages. I’ve heard colleagues say, “I use the Loose Tooth book because it’s a lot easier than the one about the zoo. The miscues include corrections, insertions, repetitions, omissions, and substitutions. The exact roles SLPs assume will depend on the policies and administrative structures of the work setting (e. 1. Expanding on the original "Miscue Inventory," this book examines various miscue analysis procedures and discusses how they provide teachers with effective methods for understanding and measuring students' reading processes. It is also important that you do not wait so long that she loses the meaning of theanalysis is not based on the problems related to word identification, but rather on the differences between the miscues and the words on the pages. Technical Analysis Chart. L. 4. A spider chart is a standard feature in recent spreadsheet software that puts a new spin on miscue. • develop a “miscue ear,” the ability to make quickly an. Cueing Systems, Running Records & Miscue Analysis. I like that this is in a simple to look at format. When a reader produces a response to a written text (the observed response) that is not expected by the listener, the result is called a miscue. miscue definition: 1. 136. Cinquain D. 4. Explains ways children comprehend the text in a book. clues, and miscue analysis Improve comprehension before, during, and after reading Applying Differentiation Strategies: Teacher's Handbook for Secondary - Activities for a Differentiated Classroom: Level 4 - Wendy Conklin 2011-02-01 Easily implement grade appropriate lessons suitable for Grade 4 classrooms. Code Miscues (analyze sources of information) based on cuing systems the reader is using (meaning-M, visual-V, syntax-S) Add the subtotal for each page of coded text. In fact, we select strategically from the book choices. The English system of determiners seems to be very simple, since there are so few articles, the and alan. 70). , enhanced and counterpoint) were selected because they elicit varied ways of presenting. Through a running record, teachers can obtain:Retrospective Miscue Analysis. For example, consider a 4th-grade student A miscue analysis of seven intermediate learners' oral reading indicated that speed does not necessarily increase as silent reading proficiency increases, but accuracy does; Chinese students do not fit the profile of the other language groups, and the value of miscue analysis with this population is limited because of foreign accent. The wider area, known as the “real body,” measures the difference between the opening price and the closing price. Qualitative Analysis means looking at reading behavior for. Segmentation Cheer. Predictable texts. b) conduct a miscue analysis. FluencyThe six grade students and Kathy Smith's class gathered many facts about the Vikings, but they had difficulty preparing an organized presentation. For intervention, she offers streamlined strategies linked to assessments by an if-then chart as well as ideas for grouping that. Live COLLEGEFOOTBALL scores at CBSSports. PE PB Ratio Chart. Data visualization is the representation of information and data using charts, graphs, maps, and other visual tools. E. The activities below are designed to promote the development of various phonemic awareness skills. edu. Leveling inconsistencies. For example, a sentence that does not sound like language (question 1) often does not make sense (question 2); thus, the. Updated Nov 21. , The smallest units of sound are called _____. How ever, considerable amounts of pro fessional time and effort can be involved in the coding and interpreting procedures required. As a student reads the word correctly, you add a check mark or tick marks above each word. D. BTCAUD. 7. A soft tip will give the cue stick a softer “feel” (less impact in grip hand) and have a different sound than a hard tip. Data visualization also presents data to the general public or specific audiences without technical knowledge in an accessible. I really recommend an app called The Running Record Toolbox. B) audience is not key in the process. A mis-cue conceals a need and protects the child when the need is one that parents may find difficult toThe Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle is a Tool that helps professionals Grow and Learn from their past Experiences. The goal of a running record is, first, to see how the student is using the strategies you’re teaching in class, and second, to find out if the student is ready to. For each miscue, the student's actual response is written above the text. S. Informal Tests • Emergent Reading and Writing Instruments – administered individually • Informal Reading Inventories – set of leveled words with comprehension passages • Miscue Analysis – designed by Yetta Goodman and Carolyn Burke – Miscues can change, disrupt or enhance the meaning of a written textThe amount of spin is limited by the tip offset that creates a miscue (see miscue limit). • Our exclusive Miscue Analysis Grid system allows for quickly analyzing students’ oral reading errors for use in planning next steps in learning in real classroom situations. I tapped the stack of second-and third-grade DIBELS (Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills) progress-monitoring booklets on my desk with my pencil, reached for a large sticky note, and wrote, “I’ll be using a modified miscue analysis within our reading conferences to monitor the progress of these children, as I’ve been doing all semester. Even kids at grade level can expect to miscue on leveled texts. Coding Sheet for Miscue Analysis Responses and Miscues Explanation Coding Example Correct Calls word correctly P The house is blue and white. 1 Terminology Chart Ashley Hart Phonics and Reading/Micro Tech Central State University Dr. content_paste. ” –Talk is a more natural word for the child and it does not change the meaning. A spider chart showing balanced use of cueing systems in miscue analysis, since the purpose of this arti-cle is to demonstrate the power of technology to enhance existing. When performing a miscue analysis, it is vital that the room is free from any distractions and that an unfamiliar text is used. Description of miscue analysis as used in the individual reading inventory in this handbook. 2. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Mrs. An example of a low quality miscue was when the client read the word amount instead of the word moment. Research suggests that of the following, the most powerful. I tapped the stack of second-and third-grade DIBELS (Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills) progress-monitoring booklets on my desk with my pencil, reached for a large sticky note, and wrote, “I’ll be using a modified miscue analysis within our reading conferences to monitor the progress of these children, as I’ve been doing all semester. 1. Various time intervals are presented. NIFTY 50 Index technical analysis with dynamic chart and Delayed Quote | NSE India Stock Exchange: NIFTY | NSE India Stock ExchangeA norm-referenced test is a type of standardized test (that is, a test that is identical for every test-taker). 1. Solved by verified. Formal miscue analysis helps you: • investigate readers’ cue use, strategies, and comprehension, and identify strengths and needs. edu. Worksheet for Word Recognition Miscue Tally Chart. (2019). (11-13 pts on retelling chart below for fiction/9-10 pts for nonfiction) Frustration level – 89% and fewer words correctly identified. org. Begin with words that have three phonemes, such as ten, rat, cat, dog, soap, read, and fish. Selected a graded passage that is at the student’s instructional reading level (see Figure 1). An often unstated assumption of this criticism is that all users of miscuemiscue analysis is carried out, as shown below. g. Running Record Cheat Sheet. (2001). c) ask students to give an oral presentation. reteach concepts, letters, and skills lacking. 1 But to do so requires a redefinition of miscue analysis and a new set of guidelines for miscue analysis. The miscue analysis data used represents actual readers with a range of backgrounds, languages, ages and proficiencies. paper-based maze assessments usually include scoring and analysis charts designed specifically for their own products. September 6, 2011. Dr. An F&P Benchmark Assessment System kit provides us with only two books (one fiction and one nonfiction) for each reading level, so we end up using the books over and over again. Report It. Opens a new page. At the time of writing, the price is trading below the psychological level of 1. with miscue evaluation, but in recent years it has been adapted for use with them (Ewoldt, 1981; Chaleff & Ritter, 2001). auto_awesome_motion. Using a Running Reading Record to Analyse Errors (Miscue Analysis) Once an instructional level has been established for the pupil, miscue analysis is useful to analyse reading behaviours and inform teaching strategies. The Informal Reading Inventory is an on-going assessment, and should be completed several times throughout the child’s schooling. Summary of Qualitative Analysis. A miscue analysis is the process of categorizing those miscues in order to determine how the student is reading and what skills the student needs to work on. Goodman is Regents Professor of Education at the University of Arizona – Tucson, College of Education, Department of Language, Reading, and Culture. For commercial use, please contact info@readingrockets.